Hollow NaTi1.9Sn0.1(PO4)3@C Nanoparticles for Anodes of Sodium-Ion Batteries with Superior Rate and Cycling Properties

Herein, two strategies are simultaneously used to synthesize the hollow carbon-coated nanoparticles of NaTi1.9Sn0.1(PO4)(3)@C (NTSP@C). The porous morphology of NTST@C is controlled through a trace amount of tin doping while selecting a fire-new carbon source. The NTSP@C materials present a nanosized structure with a hollow morphology, exhibiting a large specific surface area of approximate to 71.0 m(2) g(-1) and a average bore diameter of approximate to 26.4 nm. Moreover, the carbon layer is approximate to 5 nm thick with a mass ratio of 6.81%. The NTSP@C sample displays an ultrastrong rate capability (128.8 mA h g(-1) at 0.1 C and 101.5 mA h g(-1) at 10 C at 1.5-3.0 V) and a superior cycling performance (126.3-115.8 mA h g(-1) after 300 cycles at 1 C for a retention ratio of 91.7% and 101.4-87.1 mA h g(-1) after 2000 cycles at 10 C for a retention ratio of 85.9%). These excellent electrochemical performances are due to the nanosized structure, unique morphology, and thin carbon layer as a conductive medium. It is clear that the NTSP@C material is a promising anode material that can be incorporated into sodium-ion batteries to achieve superior electrochemical performance.