Journal
MICROMACHINES
Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/mi10020118
Keywords
rarefied gas flows; micro-scale flows; Knudsen layer; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); OpenFOAM; Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS); Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS); backward facing step
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Funding
- Department of Science and Technology (DST) [SERB/F/2684/2014-15]
- Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) fellowship
- IIT Hyderabad
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The effect of the Knudsen layer in the thermal micro-scale gas flows has been investigated. The effective mean free path model has been implemented in the open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, to extend its applicability up to slip and early transition flow regime. The conventional Navier-Stokes constitutive relations and the first-order non-equilibrium boundary conditions are modified based on the effective mean free path, which depends on the distance from the solid surface. The predictive capability of the standard Maxwell velocity slipSmoluchwoski temperature jump' and hybrid boundary conditions Langmuir Maxwell velocity slipLangmuir Smoluchwoski temperature jump' in conjunction with the Knudsen layer formulation has been evaluated in the present work. Simulations are carried out over a nano-/micro-scale backward facing step geometry in which flow experiences adverse pressure gradient, separation and re-attachment. Results are validated against the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) data, and have shown significant improvement over the existing CFD solvers. Non-equilibrium effects on the velocity and temperature of gas on the surface of the backward facing step channel are studied by varying the flow Knudsen number, inlet flow temperature, and wall temperature. Results show that the modified solver with hybrid Langmuir based boundary conditions gives the best predictions when the Knudsen layer is incorporated, and the standard Maxwell-Smoluchowski can accurately capture momentum and the thermal Knudsen layer when the temperature of the wall is higher than the fluid flow.
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