Journal
WORLD NEUROSURGERY
Volume 126, Issue -, Pages E1449-E1455Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.118
Keywords
Augmented; Fluoroscopy; Mixed reality; Pedicle screw; Spine surgery; Virtual
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BACKGROUND: Augmented reality (AR) is gaining popularity in gaming, industrial, military, and medical fields. Neurosurgical applications are currently limited and underdeveloped. METHODS: The cadaver lab session was prepared with the currently available AR equipment and software. Pedicle instrumentation was performed from thoracic 1 to the pelvis with either fluoroscopy or AR. RESULTS: A total of 38 screws were placed. There were no major breaches on the fluoroscopy-assisted side. Among the AR screws, 3 had a major medial breach and 4 had a major inferior breach. The cause of a 3 breaches appeared to be related to an error in the starting position, as their overall orientation remained correctly parallel to the original trajectory. CONCLUSIONS: The article discusses the potential and limitations of AR in its current state and identifies strategies for successful AR application in future surgery.
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