Pathophysiology of Concussion

Although concussion has been a subject of interest for centuries, this condition remains poorly understood. The mechanistic underpinnings and accepted definition of concussion remain elusive. To make sense of these issues, this article presents a brief history of concussion studies, detailing the evolution of motivations and experimental conclusions over time. Interest in concussion as a subject of scientific inquiry has increased with growing concern about the long-term consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although concussion is often associated with mild TBI, these conditions-the former a neurological syndrome, the latter a neurological event-are distinct, both mechanistically and pathobiologically. Modern research primarily focuses on the study of the biomechanics, pathophysiology, potential biomarkers and neuroimaging to distinguish concussion from mild TBI. In addition, mild TBI and concussion outcomes are influenced by age, sex, and genetic differences in people. With converging experimental objectives and methodologies, future concussion research has the potential to improve clinical assessment, treatment, and preventative measures. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.