A review on occurrence and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lakes of China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues have attracted attention worldwide. This study summarizes the current levels of PAH exposure in thewater environments of lakes. In addition, the risk levels fromindividual PAHs and Sigma PAHs in thewater environments of lakes in China were evaluated by incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment, the toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ(BaP)), the risk quotient (RQ), the effects range-low (ERL) and the effects range-median (ERM). The results showed that the concentrations of Sigma PAHs in water and sediment ranged from4.0 to 12,970.8 ng L-1 and 6.52 to 7935.21 ng g(-1), respectively, and the highest concentrations of individual PAHs were of naphthalene (Nap) (6525 ng L-1), followed by indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene (IcdP) (3452.6 ng g(-1)). Concentrations in the Great Lakes region in China showed spatial difference, with the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Lakes District and Mongolia-Xinjiang Lakes District being less polluted. However, the pollution level of PAHs in lakes is relatively high at the global scale. The ecological risk assessment found a moderate level of Sigma PAHs in water, but benz(a) anthracene (BaA) and phenanthrene (Phe) had high RQ values, which might pose a significant risk to aquatic organisms in lakes. Although the contents of Sigma PAHs in sediments are low, most individual PAHs pose potential risks, especially acenaphthene (Ace), fluorene (Flu) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA). This study revealed the pollution levels of PAHs across China and provided a scientific basis for PAH pollution control and environmental protection. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.