Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 651, Issue -, Pages 570-579Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.106
Keywords
Ionic liquids; Scenedesmus obliquus; Half inhibition concentration (IC50); Reactive oxygen species; Antioxidant enzyme activity; Regression analysis
Categories
Funding
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation [LY18B070002]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21377115]
- Graduated Student's Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Gongshang University
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used in various industrial applications. However, they are considered potential toxins in aquatic environments because of their physical stability and solubility. The growth inhibition and oxidative stress induced by four ionic liquids with different cations and anions on the green algae Scenedesmus obliquus was investigated in this study. The order of growth inhibition was 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([HMIM]NO3) > 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM]Cl) > N-hexyl-3-metylpyridinium bromide ([HMPy]Br) > N-hexyl-3-metylpyridinium chloride ([HMPy]Cl). Imidazolium IL had a higher growth inhibition effect than pyridinium IL, nitrate IL and bromide IL had a higher effect than chloride IL. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in S. obliquus increased with increasing IL concentrations. Green fluorescence in [HMIM]Cl treated algae showed increased brightness compared to the [HMPy] Cl treatment, and [HMIM]NO3 treatment produced increased brightness compared to the [HMPy]Br treatment, suggesting that higher ROS levels were induced by [HMIM] Cl and [HMIM]NO3. Soluble protein, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were stimulated at lower concentrations but were inhibited at higher concentrations. Regression analysis suggested that ROS level is the main index responsible for oxidative stress induced by the four ILs. The ILs induced oxidative damage on S. obliquus, and ROS in high concentration treatments could not be effectively removed by the antioxidant system, leading to oxidative damage and ultimately resulting in growth inhibition and cell death. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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