Mixed Sex Effects on the Second-toFourth Digit Ratio of Tungara Frogs (Engystomops pustulosus) and Cane Toads (Rhinella marina)

Sexual dimorphism in the ratio of digit lengths has been correlated to behavioral, physiological, and morphological traits in a variety of taxa. While sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) is a well-established indicator of prenatal androgen exposure in mammals, investigations into the patterns of 2D: 4D and the drivers of such variation in other taxa are lacking. We used linear mixed effects models to gain a mechanistic understanding of the factors that drive variation in the scaling relationship between the lengths of the second and fourth digits in two species of anurans: tungara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus) and cane toads (Rhinella marina). We found evidence for sexual dimorphism of the 2D: 4D scaling relationship on the front feet of tungara frogs, with female frogs having a larger ratio than males resulting from a relatively longer second digit on females. To our knowledge, this mammal-like pattern of sex differences in digit ratio has not yet been reported for anurans. However, given the reduced number of digits on the front feet of anurans, and uncertainty about which digit was lost during evolutionary history, this apparent sexual dimorphism in the front feet of tungara frogs should be treated with caution. In contrast, we found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in 2D: 4D on either the front or rear feet of cane toads. This study highlights ambiguities in 2D: 4D across taxa and suggests that further research is needed to evaluate the effect of androgens on 2D: 4D in animals other than placental mammals. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.