Journal
ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Volume 299, Issue 4, Pages 450-460Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23320
Keywords
cadmium; meiosis; retinoic acid; antioxidant; chicken embryos
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Funding
- Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars from State Education Ministry [NCET-13-0519, 31001041, 31272525, 94]
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Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that has toxic effects on the female reproductive system. Here the ameliorative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on Cd-induced meiosis inhibition during oogenesis was explored. As compared with controls, chicken embryos exposed to Cd (3 mg/egg) displayed a changed oocyte morphology, decreased number of meiotic germ cells, and decreased expression of the meiotic marker protein gH2AX. Real time RT-PCR also revealed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expressions of various meiosis-specific markers (Stra8, Spo11, Scp3, and Dmc1) together with those of Raldh2, a retinoic acid (RA) synthetase, and of the receptors (RARa and RARb). In addition, exposure to Cd increased the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in the ovaries and caused a corresponding reduction in glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Simultaneous supplementation of GSPE (150 mg/egg) markedly alleviated the aforementioned Cd-induced embryotoxic effects by upregulating meiosis-related proteins and gene expressions and restoring the antioxidative level. Collectively, the findings provided novel insights into the underlying mechanism of Cd-induced meiosis inhibition and indicated that GSPE might potentially ameliorate related reproductive disorders. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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