Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 116, Issue 14, Pages 6720-6725Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815723116
Keywords
culture; innovation; creativity; norms; China
Categories
Funding
- Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 Grant [C207MSS15B017]
- Singapore Ministry of Education Social Science Research Thematic Grant [MOE2017-SSRTG-022]
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We conduct a 3-y study involving 11,662 respondents to map cultural tightness-the degree to which a society is characterized by rules and norms and the extent to which people are punished or sanctioned when they deviate from these rules and norms- across 31 provinces in China. Consistent with prior research, we find that culturally tight provinces are associated with increased governmental control, constraints in daily life, religious practices, and exposure to threats. Departing from previous findings that tighter states are more rural, conservative, less creative, and less happy, cultural tightness in China is associated with urbanization, economic growth, better health, greater tolerance toward the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community, and gender equality. Further, analyzing about 3.85 million granted patents in China (1990-2013), we find that provinces with tighter cultures have lower rates of substantive/radical innovations yet higher rates of incremental innovations; individuals from culturally tighter provinces reported higher levels of experienced happiness.
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