Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 116, Issue 8, Pages 3183-3192Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810815116
Keywords
malaria; genome organization; virulence; Hi-C; epigenomics
Categories
Funding
- Wellcome Trust
- NIH [R21 AI142506, R01 AI085077, R01 AI06775, R01 AI136511, R35 GM128938, R01 AI056840]
- NIAID/NIH Department of Health and Human Services [HHSN272201200031C]
- Office of Research Infrastructure Programs/Office of the Director [P51OD011132]
- University of California, Riverside [NIFA-Hatch-225935]
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1040938]
- Medical Research Council [MR/K011782/1]
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
- BBSRC [BB/N017609/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MR/N023048/1, G0900109, MR/K011782/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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The positioning of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is highly organized and has a complex and dynamic relationship with gene expression. In the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the clustering of a family of virulence genes correlates with their coordinated silencing and has a strong influence on the overall organization of the genome. To identify conserved and species-specific principles of genome organization, we performed Hi-C experiments and generated 3D genome models for five Plasmodium species and two related apicomplexan parasites. Plasmodium species mainly showed clustering of centromeres, telomeres, and virulence genes. In P. falciparum, the heterochromatic virulence gene cluster had a strong repressive effect on the surrounding nuclear space, while this was less pronounced in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium berghei, and absent in Plasmodium yoelii. In Plasmodium knowlesi, telomeres and virulence genes were more dispersed throughout the nucleus, but its 3D genome showed a strong correlation with gene expression. The Babesia microti genome showed a classical Rabl organization with colocalization of subtelomeric virulence genes, while the Toxoplasma gondii genome was dominated by clustering of the centromeres and lacked virulence gene clustering. Collectively, our results demonstrate that spatial genome organization in most Plasmodium species is constrained by the colocalization of virulence genes. P. falciparum and P. knowlesi, the only two Plasmodium species with gene families involved in antigenic variation, are unique in the effect of these genes on chromosome folding, indicating a potential link between genome organization and gene expression in more virulent pathogens.
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