Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Volume 122, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.120504
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Funding
- National Key R&D Program of China [SQ2018YFB0504303, SQ2018YFB050101]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61771443, 61705048]
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Thousand Young Talent Program of China
- Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds [18JC1414700]
- Australian Research Council [DP160101911]
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Finding exponential separation between quantum and classical information tasks is like striking gold in quantum information research. Such an advantage is believed to hold for quantum computing but is proven for quantum communication complexity. Recently, a novel quantum resource called the quantum switch-which creates a coherent superposition of the causal order of events, known as quantum causality-has been harnessed theoretically in a new protocol providing provable exponential separation. We experimentally demonstrate such an advantage by realizing a superposition of communication directions for a two-party distributed computation. Our photonic demonstration employs d-dimensional quantum systems, qudits, up to d = 2(13) dimensions and demonstrates a communication complexity advantage, requiring less than (0.696 +/- 0.006) times the communication of any causally ordered protocol. These results elucidate the crucial role of the coherence of communication direction in achieving the exponential separation for the one-way processing task, and open a new path for experimentally exploring the fundamentals and applications of advanced features of indefinite causal structures.
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