Real-Time Monitoring of Nitric Oxide at Single-Cell Level with Porphyrin-Functionalized Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor

An ultrasensitive and highly efficient assay for real-time monitoring of nitric oxide (NO) at single-cell level based on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and iron porphyrin-functionalized graphene (FGPCs) field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is reported. A layer-to layer assembly of RGO and FGPCs on a prefabricated FET sensor surface through pi-pi stacking interaction allowed superior electrical conductivity caused by RGO, and highly catalytic specificity induced by metalloporphyrin, ensuring the ultrasensitive and highly specific detection of NO. The results demonstrated that the RGO/FGPCs FET biosensor was capable of real-time monitoring of NO in the range from 1 pM to 100 nM with the limit of detection as low as 1 pM in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 10 pM in the cell medium,. respectively. Moreover, the developed biosensor could be used for real-time monitoring of NO released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at single-cell level. Along with its miniaturized sizes, ultrasensitive characteristics, and fast response, the FET biosensor is promising as a new platform for potential biological and diagnostic applications.