In vitro genotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) in human sperm cells

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are one of the most widely engineered nanoparticles used. The study has been focused on TiO2-NPs genotoxic effects on human spermatozoa in vitro. TiO2-NPs are able to cross the blood-testis barrier induced inflammation, cytotoxicity, and gene expression changes that lead to impairment of the male reproductive system. This study presents new data about DNA damage in human sperms exposed in vitro to two n-TiO2 concentrations (1 mu g/L and 10 mu g/L) for different times and the putative role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators of n-TiO2 genotoxicity. Primary n-TiO2 characterization was performed by transmission electron microscopy. The dispersed state of the n-TiO2 in media was spectrophotometrically determined at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr from the initial exposure. The genotoxicity has been highlighted by different experimental approaches (comet assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling [TUNEL] test, DCF assay, random amplification of polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction [RAPD-PCR]). The comet assay showed a statistically significant loss of sperm DNA integrity after 30 min of exposure. Increased threshold of sperm DNA fragmentation was highlighted after 30 min of exposure by the TUNEL Test. Also, the RAPD-PCR analysis showed a variation in the polymorphic profiles of the sperm DNA exposed to n-TiO2. The evidence from the DCF assay showed a statistically significant increase in intracellular ROS linked to n-TiO2 exposure. This research provides the evaluation of n-TiO2 potential genotoxicity on human sperm that probably occurs through the production of intracellular ROS.