Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 77, Issue 3, Pages 285-294Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.018
Keywords
Dentate gyrus; Hippocampus; MAGeT brain; Major depression; mPFC; MRI
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [R01 MH068376]
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) [R21 AT002974]
- NCCAM [R01 AT001638]
- NIMH [K01 MH099232, K99 MH094438]
- W. Garfield Weston Foundation
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai from AstraZeneca
- Brainsway
- Euthymics Bioscience, Inc.
- NeoSync
- Roche
- Shire
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals
- CNS Response, Inc.
- Otsuka
- Servier
- Sunovion
- Abbott Laboratories
- Alkermes, Inc.
- American Cyanamid
- Aspect Medical Systems
- AstraZeneca
- BioResearch
- BrainCells, Inc.
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- CeNeRx BioPharma
- Cephalon
- Clintara LLC
- Covance
- Covidien
- Eli Lilly
- Company
- EnVivo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Ganeden Biotech, Inc.
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Harvard Clinical Research Institute
- Hoffmann-La Roche
- Icon Clinical Research
- i3 Innovus/Ingenix
- Janssen RD LLC
- Jed Foundation
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Development
- Lichtwer Pharma GmbH
- Lorex Pharmaceuticals
- MedAvante
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Institute of Drug Abuse
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neuralstem, Inc.
- Novartis AG
- Organon Pharmaceuticals
- Pamlab LLC
- Pfizer, Inc.
- Pharmacia-Upjohn
- Pharmaceutical Research Associates, Inc.
- Pharmavite LLC
- PharmoRx Therapeutics
- Photothera
- RCT Logic LLC
- Sanofi
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Synthelabo
- Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
- Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG
- Amarin Pharma, Inc.
- Auspex Pharmaceuticals
- Bayer
- Best Practice Project Management, Inc.
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc.
- Biovail Corporation
- Cephalon, Inc.
- Cerecor
- Clinical Trials Solutions
- Compellis Pharmaceuticals
- Cypress Pharmaceutical, Inc.
- DiagnoSearch Life Sciences Pvt Ltd.
- Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Inc.
- DOV Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Edgemont Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Eisai, Inc.
- Eli Lilly and Company
- EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- ePharmaSolutions
- EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Genomind LLC
- Grunenthal GmbH
- i3 Innovus/Ingenis
- Janssen Pharmaceutica
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC
- Knoll Pharmaceuticals Corp.
- Labopharm, Inc.
- Lundbeck, Inc.
- MedAvante Inc.
- Merck Co., Inc.
- MSI Methylation Sciences, Inc.
- Naurex, Inc.
- Neuralstem, Inc.
- Neuronetics, Inc.
- NextWave Pharmaceuticals
- Nutrition 21
- Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc.
- Otsuka Pharmaceuticals
- PharmaStar
- Precision Human Biolaboratory
- Prexa Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Puretech Ventures
- PsychoGenics
- Psylin Neurosciences, Inc.
- Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Ridge Diagnostics, Inc.
- Sepracor, Inc.
- Servier Laboratories
- Schering-Plough Corporation
- Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Somerset Pharmaceuticals
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals
- Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
- Tal Medical, Inc.
- Tetragenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Transcept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Advanced Neuro Technology North America
- Ono Pharma USA
- Pfizer
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BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies of illness progression in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) indicate that the onset of subsequent depressive episodes becomes increasingly decoupled from external stressors. A possible mechanism underlying this phenomenon is that multiple episodes induce long-lasting neurobiological changes that confer increased risk for recurrence. Prior morphometric studies have frequently reported volumetric reductions in patients with MDD-especially in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus-but few studies have investigated whether these changes are exacerbated by prior episodes. METHODS: In a sample of 103 medication-free patients with depression and control subjects with no history of depression, structural magnetic resonance imaging was performed to examine relationships between number of prior episodes, current stress, hippocampal subfield volume and cortical thickness. Volumetric analyses of the hippocampus were performed using a recently validated subfield segmentation approach, and cortical thickness estimates were obtained using vertex-based methods. Participants were grouped on the basis of the number of prior depressive episodes and current depressive diagnosis. RESULTS: Number of prior episodes was associated with both lower reported stress levels and reduced volume in the dentate gyrus. Cortical thinning of the left mPFC was associated with a greater number of prior depressive episodes but not current depressive diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings are consistent with preclinical models suggesting that the dentate gyrus and mPFC are especially vulnerable to stress exposure and provide evidence for morphometric changes that are consistent with stress-sensitization models of recurrence in MDD.
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