Reverse Dual-Ion Battery via a ZnCl2 Water-in-Salt Electrolyte

Dual-ion batteries are known for anion storage in the cathode coupled to cation incorporation in the anode. We flip the sequence of the anion/cation-storage chemistries of the anode and the cathode in dual-ion batteries (DIBs) by allowing the anode to take in anions and a cation-deficient cathode to host cations, thus operating as a reverse dual-ion battery (RDIB). The anion-insertion anode is a nano-composite having ferrocene encapsulated inside a micro-porous carbon, and the cathode is a Zn-insertion Prussian blue, Zn-3[Fe(CN)(6)](2). This unique battery configuration benefits from the usage of a 30 m ZnCl2 water-in-salt electrolyte. This electrolyte minimizes the dissolution of ferrocene; it raises the cation-insertion potential in the cathode, and it depresses the anion-insertion potential in the anode, thus widening the full cell's voltage by 0.35 V compared with a dilute ZnCl2 electrolyte. RDIBs provide a configuration-based solution to exploit the practicality of cation-deficient cathode materials in aqueous electrolytes.