Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 364, Issue -, Pages 151-162Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.027
Keywords
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Estrogenic activity; Molecular modification; 3D-QSAR; Molecular docking
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Funding
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China [JB2013146]
- Key Projects in the National Science and Technology Pillar Program in the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period of China [2008BAC43B01]
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A 3D-QSAR model was constructed to predict polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) estrogenic activities expressed as median effective concentrations (pEC(50)), and resolution V of the 2(10-3) fractional factorial design and a pharmacophore model were used to modify the target PBDE molecules BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-183, and BDE-209 to decrease the estrogenic activities. The persistent-organic-pollutant-related and flame-retardant properties of the modified molecules were evaluated. The mechanisms involved in decreasing PBDE estrogenic activities were explored through molecular docking. The 3D-QSAR model gave a cross-validated correlation coefficient (q(2)) of 0.682 (i.e., > 0.5) and a non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.980 (i.e., > 0.9). Mono- and di-substitutions and hydrophobic substituent groups gave 40 modified molecules with decreased estrogenic activities, including modified BDE-47 and BDE-99 with pEC50 decreased by > 10% and modified BDE-100, BDE-183, and BDE-209 with pEC50 decreased by > 20%. The modified molecules had similar flame-retardancy to the unmodified molecules, and lower biotoxicities (by a maximum of 17.27%), persistences (by a maximum of 55.68%), bioconcentration (by 4.28%-23.91%), and long-range transport potentials (by 0.72%-18.47%). Docking indicated that hydrophobic interactions were the main factors affecting PBDE estrogenic activities. The results provide a theoretical basis for designing less estrogenic flame retardants than are currently available.
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