Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING
Volume 172, Issue -, Pages 212-219Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.03.025
Keywords
Grade 91 (T91 or P91); Microstructure; Ferritic/martensitic steel; Yield strength and hardness; Grain refinement
Funding
- Idaho National Laboratory Directed Research&Development (LDRD) Program under Department of Energy (DOE) Idaho Operations Office [DE-AC07-051D14517]
- NSF [DMR 1611380]
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Ferritic/martensitic grade 91 steel (T91 or P91) is one of the candidate materials for primary and secondary loops in sodium cooled fast reactor. Recently, studies show that equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) and heat treatment can enhance the strength of T91 from 480 MPa to 1600 MPa. However, a detailed refinement mechanism is yet to be clarified. Furthermore, there is a need to correlate the hardness measurement to tensile test results in T91 steels for nuclear application. Here, we report the grain refinement mechanisms in T91 after extensive microstructural analysis. Packet (a group of martensite with the same habit plane) is identified as an elementary unit for grain refinement. The Vickers hardness correlates well with the ultimate tensile strength, with a fitting ratio of similar to 3.24. However, the ratio of Vickers hardness to yield strength is a function of ductility in T91 steels.
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