Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
Volume 122, Issue -, Pages 713-722Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.009
Keywords
Kenaf; Lignin; Wood adhesives
Funding
- Universiti Sains Malaysia [1001/PKIMIA/8011077, 304/PKIMIA/6316041]
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The recent study focused on lignin-phenol-glyoxal (LPG) as an alternative way to replace toxic formaldehyde used in commercially available wood adhesives. The concern of the uses of carcinogenic formaldehyde in wood adhesive industry has become major problem over human health, environmental and economy issues. In this study, lignin isolated from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) via soda and Kraft pulping were modified into SLPG (soda lignin-phenol-glyoxal) and KLPG (Kraft lignin-phenol-glyoxal) adhesives and were compared to phenol-formaldehyde (PF). Complementary analyses such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, H-1 and C-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermal stability; Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were utilized to characterize all isolated lignin samples. The physical properties of the resins were further characterized in term of viscosity, gel time and total solid content. It was found that soda lignin comprised higher phenolic-OH content and greater molecular weight compared to Kraft lignin. Various molar ratio of adhesives were applied on plywood and were mechanically tested. The 30% (w/w) SLPG has shown to have higher tensile strength and internal bonding stress at 72.08 MPa and 53.83 N mm(-2) respectively to that of PF. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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