Pre-harvest management is a critical practice for minimizing aflatoxin contamination of maize

Maize, the main dietary staple in Kenya, is one of the crops most susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin. To understand sources of aflatoxin contamination for home grown maize, we collected 789 maize samples from smallholder farmers' fields in Eastern and South Western, two regions in Kenya representing high and low aflatoxin risk areas, respectively, and determined aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) using ELISA with specific polyclonal antibodies. AFB(1) was detected in 274 of the 416 samples from Eastern Kenya at levels between 0.01 and 9091.8 mu g kg(-1) (mean 67.8 mu g kg(-1)). In South Western, AFB(1) was detected in 233 of the 373 samples at levels between 0.98 and 722.2 mu g kg(-1) (mean 22.3 mu g kg(-1)). Of the samples containing AFB(1), 153 (55.8%) from Eastern and 102 (43.8%) from South Western exceeded the maximum allowable limit of AFB(1) (5 mu g kg(-1)) in maize for human consumption in Kenya. The probable daily intake (PDI) of AFB(1) in Eastern Kenya ranged from 0.07 to 60612 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1) (mean 451.8 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)), while for South Western, PDI ranged from 6.53 to 4814.7 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1) (mean 148.4 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)). The average PDI for both regions exceeded the estimated provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of AFB(1), which is a health concern for the population in these regions. These results revealed significant levels of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of maize in both regions. Prevention of preharvest infection of maize by toxigenic A. flavus strains should be a critical focal point to prevent aflatoxin contamination and exposure.