Joint replenishment and carbon trading in fresh food supply chains

We investigate a fresh food supply chain comprising a large-scale supplier and multiple small-scale retailers under a carbon cap-and-trade policy. Retailers' joint replenishment and the carbon trading behavior of supply chain members are studied. We assume that three replenishment strategies are available for the supply chain: (1) separate replenishment; (2) joint replenishment: a leader-follower relationship among retailers; and (3) joint replenishment: the coalition of retailers. Under each strategy, a bargaining framework for supply chain members is set up to maximize their profits, where the price of the refrigerated transportation services provided by the supplier and the retail price of fresh food are optimized. The optimal decisions are analyzed to provide insights into logistics pricing and retail pricing strategies. Through comparing three replenishment strategies, we also identify the optimal replenishment strategies from the perspectives of the supplier, retailers and a carbon emission optimizer. Moreover, we investigate the role of the carbon cap-and-trade policy by comparing the cases with and without a carbon cap-and-trade policy. It is noteworthy that the goals of profit growth and emission reduction are simultaneously achieved under the carbon cap-and-trade policy. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.