Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
Volume 59, Issue 1, Pages 371-387Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01913-w
Keywords
Iodine; Pregnancy; Diet; Determinants; Milk and dairy products; ALSPAC
Categories
Funding
- European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [634453]
- UK Medical Research Council [102215/2/13/2]
- Wellcome [102215/2/13/2]
- NUTRIMENTHE project from the European Community's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2008-2013) [212652]
- Wassen International
- Waterloo Foundation
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
- Erasmus University Rotterdam
- Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
- Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
- Sophia Children's Hospital Research Funds
- ZonMw [90700412]
- UE (FP7-ENV-2011) [282957]
- Spain: Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FIS-FEDER: PI041436, PI05/1079, PI06/0867, PI081151, FIS-and PS09/00090, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, PI16/1288]
- Spain: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Miguel Servet-FEDER) [CP11/00178, CP15/00025, CPII16/00051, MS13/00054]
- Generalitat Valenciana: FISABIO [UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, UGP-15-249]
- Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT [1999SGR 00241]
- Fundacio La marato de TV3 [090430]
- Department of Health of the Basque Government [2005111093, 2009111069]
- Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa [DFG06/004, DFG08/001]
- UE (HEALTH. 2010.2.4.5-1)
- MRC [MC_PC_19009] Funding Source: UKRI
- H2020 Societal Challenges Programme [634453] Funding Source: H2020 Societal Challenges Programme
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Purpose As a component of thyroid hormones, adequate iodine intake is essential during pregnancy for fetal neurodevelopment. Across Europe, iodine deficiency is common in pregnancy, but data are lacking on the predictors of iodine status at this life stage. We, therefore, aimed to explore determinants of iodine status during pregnancy in three European populations of differing iodine status. Methods Data were from 6566 pregnant women from three prospective population-based birth cohorts from the United Kingdom (ALSPAC, n = 2852), Spain (INMA, n = 1460), and The Netherlands (Generation R, n = 2254). Urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat, mu g/g) was measured in spot-urine samples in pregnancy (<= 18-weeks gestation). Maternal dietary intake, categorised by food groups (g/day), was estimated from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Multivariable regression models used dietary variables (energy-adjusted) and maternal characteristics as predictors of iodine status. Results Median UI/Creat in pregnant women of ALSPAC, INMA, and Generation R was 121, 151, and 210 mu g/g, respectively. Maternal age was positively associated with UI/Creat in all cohorts (P < 0.001), while UI/Creat varied by ethnicity only in Generation R (P < 0.05). Of the dietary predictors, intake of milk and dairy products (per 100 g/day) was positively associated with UI/Creat in all cohorts [ALSPAC (B = 3.73, P < 0.0001); INMA (B = 6.92, P = 0.002); Generation R (B = 2.34, P = 0.001)]. Cohort-specific dietary determinants positively associated with UI/Creat included fish and shellfish in ALSPAC and INMA, and eggs and cereal/cereal products in Generation R. Conclusions The cohort-specific dietary determinants probably reflect not only dietary habits but iodine-fortification policies; hence, public-health interventions to improve iodine intake in pregnancy need to be country-specific.
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