Journal
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
Volume 124, Issue -, Pages 121-129Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.039
Keywords
Antibiotic resistance genes; Activated sludge; Sulphamethoxazole-degrading bacteria; Molecular ecological network analysis; Stable isotope probing; Sulphonamide biodegradation
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Funding
- Scientific and Technological Planning Project of Guangzhou, China [201707020034]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41807348, 41673111]
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China [2018A030313485]
- Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province [2016TQ03Z938]
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the main hotspots for the release of antibiotics, including the widely used sulphonamides. Microbes play important roles in eliminating sulphonamides in WWTPs, and knowledge about these degraders and their interactions within the microbial community is crucial for operating and optimising WWTPs. In the present study, stable isotope probing (SIP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing as culture-independent approach revealed four operational taxonomic units (OTUs) involved in sulphamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in activated sludge. Except for the OTU affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria, the others have not been previously reported to possess the ability to metabolise SMX. The isolated SMX degrader by culture-dependent method did not participate in SMX biodegradation in situ according to the SIP analysis, and showed weak correlations with other members in the activated sludge. The complex interactions between in situ active SMX degraders and non-degrading microbes might explain our failure to isolate these degraders. In addition, sul1 genes associated with SMX resistance were also labelled with C-13, suggesting that they might benefit from SMX degradation and/or originate from the active SMX degraders. These findings broaden our understanding of the diversity of SMX-degrading microbes and their associated characteristics in WWTPs.
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