Journal
ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
Volume 184, Issue -, Pages 122-140Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.10.044
Keywords
Residential; Cooling loads; Indoor humidity; Low-load; Moisture buffering; Effective moisture penetration depth; Humidity; Building energy modeling; Moisture
Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC36-08GO28308, DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Buildings Technology Office
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Residential building codes and voluntary labeling programs are continually increasing the energy efficiency requirements of residential buildings. Improving a building's thermal enclosure, installing the ductwork in conditioned space, and improving the building's airtightness results in significant reductions in externally-driven sensible and latent cooling loads. As a building's efficiency is improved, occupant-related internal gains become a larger portion of the building sensible and latent loads. Additionally, internal gains are highly uncertain compared to other load components. In this study, we use a stochastic approach to simulate occupant-related internal gains and compare the internal gains to other sensible and latent heat sources in four house efficiency levels in 10 U.S. climates using whole-building energy simulation software. We compare the expected range in occupant-related internal gains to other building characteristics such as cooling set point, air infiltration rate, and mechanical ventilation rate. We show that in high-efficiency homes, sensible internal gains vary from less than 10% to greater than 40% of the building sensible load under peak total cooling conditions depending on climate and internal gain profile. Likewise, latent internal gains vary from less than 10% to more than 60% of the building latent load under peak total cooling and peak dehumidification conditions depending on climate and internal gain profile. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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