A novel bis(dihydroxypropyl) viologen-based all-in-one electrochromic device with high cycling stability and coloration efficiency

Electrochromism and related devices have been studied for a few decades from both fundamental and technological point of view. At the present stage, screening electrochromic materials with excellent properties is still an interesting job. In our previous work, we have demonstrated that hydroxyalkyl viologens could exhibit satisfying electrochromic behavior. Further, in this paper, the bis(dihydroxyalkyl) viologen, (1,1'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) 4,4'-bipyridine derivative dichloride, DHPV2+ 2Cl(-), was synthesized and incorporated as an electrochromic chromophore in the all-in-one electrochromic devices (ECDs) on the basis of poly (vinyl butyal) (PVB)-carbonate and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-borax gel electrolytes, respectively. It was found that DHPV2+ 2Cl(-) in PVB-based gel ECDs underwent reversible switching between transparent and deep blue hue, whereas the clear color changes from colorlessness to amaranth in PVA-borax-based ones upon the potential ranges from 0 V to -1.0 V. For PVB-based gel ECD, spectroelectrochemical studies demonstrated that it only needs a low coloration voltage down to -0.6 V, and exhibites high coloration efficiency (eta) up to 301cm(2)/C. The optical contrast of it only reduces by 1% after consecutive operation for 10000 cycles between -1.0 V and 0 V, demonstrating an excellent cycling stability of this kind of device. The ECD based on PVA-borax gel modified with glycerol shows burgundy, and good electrochromic performance. It is interesting to note that a relatively large-area PVB-based gel electrochromic devices up to 168 cm(2) was realized, the driving voltage and response time being -1.5 V and 12 s, respectively, for blue-violet coloration state. The advantages of electrochromic properties exhibited by 1,1'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) viologen dichloride over those reported can be regarded as a pronounced improvement for organic electrochromic materials, and are expected to set the stage for novel electrochromic devices such as smart window and display applications and so forth. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.