Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 310, Issue 3, Pages H326-H336Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00635.2015
Keywords
exercise; human; rodent; training
Funding
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute (National Institute of General Medical Sciences) [U54GM104942]
- American Heart Association Innovation Research [13IRG14330015]
- West Virginia University Research Foundation PSCoR grant
- West Virginia University School of Medicine
- Swiss National Science Foundation [320030-144167]
- Danish Council for Independent Research-Medical Sciences
- Lundbeck Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Danish Ministry of Culture
- British Heart Foundation [PG/14/15/30691]
- British Heart Foundation [PG/14/15/30691] Funding Source: researchfish
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The role of capillaries is to serve as the interface for delivery of oxygen and removal of metabolites to/from tissues. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of studies that have advanced our understanding of angiogenesis, demonstrating that tissue capillary supply is under strict control during health but poorly controlled in disease, resulting in either excessive capillary growth (pathological angiogenesis) or losses in capillarity (rarefaction). Given that skeletal muscle comprises nearly 40% of body mass in humans, skeletal muscle capillary density has a significant impact on metabolism, endocrine function, and locomotion and is tightly regulated at many different levels. Skeletal muscle is also high adaptable and thus one of the few organ systems that can be experimentally manipulated (e.g., by exercise) to study physiological regulation of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the methodological concerns that have arisen in determining skeletal muscle capillarity and highlight the concepts that are reshaping our understanding of the angio-adaptation process. We also summarize selected new findings (physical influences, molecular changes, and ultrastructural rearrangement of capillaries) that identify areas of future research with the greatest potential to expand our understanding of how angiogenesis is normally regulated, and that may also help to better understand conditions of uncontrolled (pathological) angiogenesis.
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