Seasonal to mesoscale variability of water masses and atmospheric conditions in Barrow Canyon, Chukchi Sea

Twenty-four repeat hydrographic transects occupied across Barrow Canyon from 2010 to 2013 are used to study the seasonal evolution of water masses in the canyon from July-October as well as the occurrence of upwelling. The mean sections revealed that the Alaskan coastal water is mainly confined to the eastern flank of the canyon, corresponding to a region of sloped isopycnals indicative of the surface-intensified Alaskan Coastal Current which advects the water. The Pacific-origin winter water is found at depth, banked against the western flank of the canyon. Its isopycnal structure is consistent with a bottom-intensified flow of this dense water mass out of the canyon. For the months that were sampled, the Alaskan coastal water is most prevalent in August and September, while the coldest winter water is observed in the month of August. It is argued that this newly ventilated winter water is delivered to the canyon via pathways on the central Chukchi Shelf, as opposed to the coastal pathway. Roughly a third of the hydrographic sections were preceded by significant up-canyon winds and hence were deemed to be under the influence of upwelling. During these periods, anomalously salty water is found throughout the eastern flank of the canyon, and, on occasion, Atlantic water fills the deepest part of the section. Using atmospheric reanalysis data, it is shown that upwelling occurs when the Beaufort High is strengthened and the Aleutian Low is deepened. Two modes of storm tracks were identified: northward progressing storms (mode 1) and eastward progressing storms (mode 2), both of which can drive upwelling. Mode 1 is prevalent in July-August, while mode 2 is more common in September-October. These seasonal patterns appear to be dictated by regional variations in blocking highs.