Purification and characterization of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis in cashew apple juice and its application in the remediation of oil-contaminated soil

The ability of some microorganisms to use clarified cashew apple juice as carbon and energy source for bio-surfactant production was assessed under strict controlled conditions. Twelve strains of Bacillus were isolated and evaluated regarding their biosurfactant production capabilities. The biosurfactant obtained with these selected strains showed the capacity of decreasing the surface tension of water from 72.0 to 31.8 mN.m(-1) and the interfacial tension of n-hexadecane to 27.2 mN.m(-1), with a critical micelle concentration of 12.5 mg.L-1. Not only did the biosurfactant present excellent stability to pH, temperature and salinity, it also showed emulsifying properties in different hydrocarbons. The behavior of the phase diagrams showed the potential of the produced biosurfactant to obtain relatively-stable emulsions for up to 96 h, which allows for its application in several areas. The semi-purified biosurfactant did not show toxicity against Lactuca sativa (lettuce) or Artemia saline (microcrustacean), presenting an LC50 of 612.27 mu mL(-1). The surfactant was characterized as being a cyclic lipopeptide with molecular structure similar to that of surfactin. Furthermore, through the employment of the surfactant produced, the remediation effect in oil-contaminated soil could be significantly improved.