Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Volume 162, Issue 1, Pages 157-169Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23105
Keywords
phylogenetics; divergence; Callitrichidae; New World primates
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Funding
- National Science Foundation DDIG [1061508]
- Fulbright Fellowship
- Brazilian Ministry on Science, Technology, and Innovation Young Talents Postdoctoral Fellowship [407535/2013-6]
- Human Frontier Science Program [LT000800/ 2011-L]
- Arizona State University
- Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie [1061508] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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ObjectivesTwo subgroups make up the marmoset genus Callithrix. The aurita group is composed of two species, whereas evolutionary relationships among the four species of the jacchus group remain unclear. To uncover these relationships, we first sequenced mitochondrial genomes for C. kuhlii and C. penicillata to complement data available for congeners. We then constructed a phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA heavy chain protein coding genes from several primates to untangle species relationships and estimate divergence times of the jacchus group. Materials and MethodsMtDNA genomes of C. kuhlii and C. penicillata were Sanger sequenced. These Callithrix mitogenomes were combined with other publically available primate mtDNA genomes. Phylogenies were produced using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Finally, divergence times within the jacchus group of marmosets were estimated with Bayesian inference. ResultsIn our phylogenetic tree, C. geoffroyi was the sister to all other jacchus group species, followed by C. kuhlii, while C. jacchus and C. penicillata diverged most recently. Bayesian inference showed that C. jacchus and C. penicillata diverged approximately 0.70 MYA and that the jacchus group radiated approximately 1.30 MYA. DiscussionCallithrix nuclear and mtDNA phylogenies frequently result in polytomies and paraphyly. Here, we present a well-supported phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial genome sequences, which facilitates the understanding of the divergence of the jacchus marmosets. Our results demonstrate how mitochondrial genomes can enrich Callithrix phylogenetic studies by alleviating some of the difficulties faced by previous mtDNA studies and allow formulation of hypotheses to test further under larger genomic-scale analyses.
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