Mycobacterium bolletii Lung Disease in Cystic Fibrosis

BACKGROUND: The cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogen, Mycobacterium abscessus complex, covers three subspecies: M. abscessus, M. massiliense, and M. bolletii. There are no clinical outcome data concerning M. bolletii. Our aim was to characterize M. bolletii lung infections in patients with CF. METHODS: We included patients with M. bolletii lung infection recorded between 1994 and 2012 in France. Data were collected from the CF registry, medical records, and questionnaires submitted to the CF primary physician. Strains were typed by multilocus sequence typing analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen cases were identified in nine CF centers. Nine patients (60%) presented with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Follow-up of 13 patients showed a trend to more rapid decline in FEV1 in the first year of colonization (-9.4%; SD 19.3) in comparison with noninfected control subjects (-2.3%; SD 12.1) (P = .16). Twelve patients were treated, and 11 received oral macrolides. Treatment-induced eradication occurred in five patients (41.7%). Four patients died (26.7%), including one patient with fatal nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Inducible macrolide resistance was demonstrated in all strains. Patients always harbored unique strains. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports the largest study cohort of CF patients infected with M. bolletii. M. bolletii infection affects both children and young adults, is most often symptomatic, and may be fatal. Macrolide-based therapies have poor effectiveness. There is no evidence of patient-to-patient transmission.