Journal
BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Volume 19, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2455-2
Keywords
Quinoa; Halitosis; Alkali-transformation; Antibacterial activity; Antibacterial mechanism
Categories
Funding
- Innovation of Modern Agricultural Project [F18R02]
- Project of Backbone of Young Teachers in Domestic Universities of Shandong Province
- Agricultural Science and Technology Program for Innovation Team on Minor Grain Nutrition and Function, CAAS
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Background: Quinoa is a food crop native to the Andes. The process of dehulling quinoa can produce approximately 8-12% husk, which is often discarded because it contains bitter saponin. Saponin derived from quinoa has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity. However, the antibacterial effects of quinoa saponin against halitosis-related bacteria are still unclear. Methods: In this study, quinoa saponin (QS) and alkali-transformed saponin (ATS) were separated by AB-2 resin to obtain QS-30, QS-80, ATS-30 and ATS-80. Halitosis-related bacteria included Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). The MIC and MBC were determined using gradient dilutions in 96-well plates, and the saponins were identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. The changes in membrane integrity were tested using a microplate reader, the membrane potential was tested by spectrofluorometry, and the morphological characteristics were examined using a transmission electron microscope to explore the antibacterial mechanisms. Results: Antibacterial assays indicated that QS-80 and ATS-80 showed inhibitory activity. In addition, ATS-80 exerted a stronger inhibitory effect than QS-80, especially against Fusobacterium nucleatum, with a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (31.3g/mL) and a lower minimum bactericidal concentration (125g/mL). ATS-80 destroyed the bacterial membrane structure, leading to bacterial death. Conclusions: Based on the excellent antibacterial activity and economic prospects of quinoa husk, ATS-80 could be used as an antibacterial agent to treat halitosis.
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