Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 104, Issue 3, Pages 760-768Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130963
Keywords
epidemiology; juice and nectar; pancreatic cancer; prevention; risk factors; soft drinks; sweet beverages; sugary drinks
Categories
Funding
- Europe Against Cancer Program of the European Commission
- German Cancer Aid
- German Cancer Research Center
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Danish Cancer Society
- Health Research Fund of the Spanish Ministry of Health
- Spanish Regional Government of Andalucia, Spain
- Spanish Regional Government of Asturias, Spain
- Spanish Regional Government of Basque Country, Spain
- Spanish Regional Government of Murcia, Spain [6236]
- Spanish Regional Government of Navarra, Spain
- Health Research Institute Carlos III, Spain [RCESP C03/09]
- Cancer Research UK Medical Research Council, United Kingdom
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer
- Italian National Research Council
- Fondazione-Istituto Banco Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland
- World Cancer Research Fund (Netherlands)
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Swedish Scientific Council, Regional Government of Skane, Sweden
- Helga Nordic Center of Excellence Programme in Nutrition and Health
- French League Against Cancer
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, France
- Mutuelle Generale de ''Education Nationale, France
- 3M Co., France
- Gustave Roussy Institute, France
- General Councils of France, Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino, Italy
- Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain
- European Regional Development Fund (Ramon y Cajal) [RYC-2011-08796]
- MRC [MR/N003284/1, MC_UU_12015/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Cancer Research UK [16491, 14136] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_PC_13048, G0401527, MC_UU_12015/1, MC_U106179471, G1000143, MR/N003284/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- National Institute for Health Research [NF-SI-0512-10114] Funding Source: researchfish
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Background: The consumption of sweet beverages has been associated with greater risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which may be involved in the development of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that sweet beverages may increase pancreatic cancer risk as well. Objective: We examined the association between sweet-beverage consumption (including total, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened soft drink and juice and nectar consumption) and pancreatic cancer risk. Design: The study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. A total of 477,199 participants (70.2% women) with a mean age of 51 y at baseline were included, and 865 exocrine pancreatic cancers were diagnosed after a median follow-up of 11.60 y (IQR: 10.10-12.60 y). Sweet-beverage consumption was assessed with the use of validated dietary questionnaires at baseline. HRs and 95% CIs were obtained with the use of multivariable Cox regression models that were stratified by age, sex, and center and adjusted for educational level, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Associations with total soft-drink consumption were adjusted for juice and nectar consumption and vice versa. Results: Total soft-drink consumption (HR per 100 g/d: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.07), sugar-sweetened soft-drink consumption (HR per 100 g/d: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.08), and artificially sweetened soft-drink consumption (HR per 100 g/d: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.10) were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Juice and nectar consumption was inversely associated with pancreatic cancer risk (HR per 100 g/d: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.99); this association remained statistically significant after adjustment for body size, type 2 diabetes, and energy intake. Conclusions: Soft-drink consumption does not seem to be associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Juice and nectar consumption might be associated with a modest decreased pancreatic cancer risk. Additional studies with specific information on juice and nectar subtypes are warranted to clarify these results.
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