Journal
AMBIO
Volume 46, Issue 2, Pages 129-142Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0815-4
Keywords
Nitrogen cycle; Nitrogen effects; Nitrogen footprint; Nitrogen use efficiency
Categories
Funding
- The KAITEKI Institute Inc., Japan
- Science and technology research promotion program for agriculture, forestry, fisheries and food industry
- Ministry of the Environment, Japan
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Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an indicator that quantifies reactive N losses to the environment from consumption and production of food and the use of energy. The average per capita N footprint ( calculated using the N-Calculator methodology) of ten countries varies from 15 to 47 kg N capita(-1) year(-1). The major cause of the difference is the protein consumption rates and food production N losses. The food sector dominates all countries ' N footprints. Global connections via trade significantly affect the N footprint in countries that rely on imported foods and feeds. The authors present N footprint reduction strategies (e.g., improve N use efficiency, increase N recycling, reduce food waste, shift dietary choices) and identify knowledge gaps (e.g., the N footprint from nonfood goods and soil N process).
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