Journal
ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Volume 33, Issue 4, Pages 411-432Publisher
SCIENCE PRESS
DOI: 10.1007/s00376-015-5192-6
Keywords
Indian Ocean; western Pacific ocean-atmosphere interaction; ENSO; Asian monsoon
Categories
Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China [2012CB 955600]
- U.S. National Science Foundation
- Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA11010103]
- Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Japanese Ministry of Environment [2-1503]
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [25287120, 15H05466]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41205049, 41275081, 41425019, 41525019, 41521005]
- Div Atmospheric & Geospace Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1305719] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [15H05466, 25287120] Funding Source: KAKEN
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ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoon. This review provides historical accounts of major milestones and synthesizes recent advances in the endeavor to understand summer variability over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region. Specifically, a large-scale anomalous anticyclone (AAC) is a recurrent pattern in post-El NiEeno summers, spanning the tropical Northwest Pacific and North Indian oceans. Regarding the ocean memory that anchors the summer AAC, competing hypotheses emphasize either SST cooling in the easterly trade wind regime of the Northwest Pacific or SST warming in the westerly monsoon regime of the North Indian Ocean. Our synthesis reveals a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode that builds on both mechanisms in a two-stage evolution. In spring, when the northeast trades prevail, the AAC and Northwest Pacific cooling are coupled via wind-evaporation-SST feedback. The Northwest Pacific cooling persists to trigger a summer feedback that arises from the interaction of the AAC and North Indian Ocean warming, enabled by the westerly monsoon wind regime. This Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor (IPOC) effect explains why El NiEeno stages its last act over the monsoonal Indo-Northwest Pacific and casts the Indian Ocean warming and AAC in leading roles. The IPOC displays interdecadal modulations by the ENSO variance cycle, significantly correlated with ENSO at the turn of the 20th century and after the 1970s, but not in between. Outstanding issues, including future climate projections, are also discussed.
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