Precise In Situ Modulation of Local Liquid Chemistry via Electron Irradiation in Nanoreactors Based on Graphene Liquid Cells

A controlled electron-water radiolysis process is used to generate predictable concentrations of radical and ionic species in graphene liquid cells, allowing the concept of a nanoscale chemical reactor. A differential scanning technique is used to generate the desired time- and space-varying electron dose rate. Precise control of the local concentration of H-2, the dominant radiolysis species, is demonstrated experimentally at the nanometer scale.