Nanoparticle-Based Antivirulence Vaccine for the Management of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection

With the rising threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, vaccination is becoming an increasingly important strategy to prevent and manage bacterial infections. Made from deactivated bacterial toxins, toxoid vaccines are widely used in the clinic as they help to combat the virulence mechanisms employed by different pathogens. Here, the efficacy of a biomimetic nanoparticle-based antivirulence vaccine is examined in a mouse model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection. Vaccination with nanoparticle-detained staphylococcal a-hemolysin (Hla) effectively triggers the formation of germinal centers and induces high anti-Hla titers. Compared to mice vaccinated with control samples, those vaccinated with the nanoparticle toxoid show superior protective immunity against MRSA skin infection. The vaccination not only inhibits lesion formation at the site of bacterial challenge but also reduces the invasiveness of MRSA, preventing dissemination into other organs. Overall, this biomimetic nanoparticle-based toxin detainment strategy is a promising method for the design of potent antivirulence vaccines for managing bacterial infections.