Journal
ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS
Volume 99, Issue -, Pages 180-185Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.009
Keywords
M2; Heterogeneity; Polarization; Protumor macrophage
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Funding
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [16K09247, 25293089] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The macrophage is known to be a multifunctional antigen presenting cells and playing a central role in inflammation. Macrophages infiltrate into malignant tumor tissues in high numbers (the so-called tumor-associated macrophages [TAMs]) and many studies over the past decade have demonstrated that macrophages have protumor functions and are closely related to tumor progression. It has been shown that protumor macrophages that have differentiated through interaction with tumor cells are involved in stem cell niches, immunosuppression, invasion, and metastasis. Consistent with these functions, studies using human tumor samples have demonstrated that a higher density of macrophages, especially macrophages with the M2 phenotype, is closely associated with worse clinical prognosis in many kinds of malignant tumors. Infiltrating TAMs themselves or polarization pathway of TAMs are considered as new therapeutic targets for the therapy of malignant tumors. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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