On the mechanistic role of nitrogen-doped carbon cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries with low electrolyte weight portion

The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is a promising alternative to overcome capacity and specific energy limitations of common lithium-ion batteries. Highly porous, nitrogen-doped carbons as conductive host structures for sulfur/lithium sulfide deposition are shown herein to play a critical role in reversible cycling at low electrolyte/sulfur ratio. The pore geometry is precisely controlled by an efficient, scalable ZnO hard templating process. By using an electrolyte volume as low as 4 mu L mg(S)(-1) , the beneficial nitrogen functionality leads to a twofold increased cell lifetime turning our findings highly favorable for real applications. Stable cycling of up to 156 cycles (59 cycles with undoped carbon) with high sulfur loadings of 3 mg cm(-2) is achieved. Operando X-ray diffraction measurements during cycling show the transformation pathway of the sulfur - polysulfide - Li2S species. The observed intermediates critically depend on the nitrogen doping in the cathode carbon matrix. Nitrogen-doped carbons facilitate polysulfide adsorption promoting the nucleation of crystalline Li2S. These results provide new insights into the significant role of heteroatom doping for carbons in Li-S batteries with high specific energy.