Journal
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
Volume 6, Issue 11, Pages 14802-14811Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03331
Keywords
rubber nanocomposites; dual cross-linking networks; tunicate cellulose nanocrystals; carboxylation modification
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Cellulose nanocrystals have been proved to be ideal reinforcing fillers for rubber. However, the increase in tensile strength always accompanies a reduction in extensibility. In this paper, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) nanocomposites with dual cross-linking networks by incorporating tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (t-CNs) were prepared. Carboxyl groups were introduced onto t-CNs surface via grafting reaction with maleic anhydride (MAH). Interfacial chemical reaction between carboxyl groups on modified t-CNs and epoxy groups on ENR chains led to formation of covalent cross-linking network. Hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups on t-CNs and epoxy groups on ENR chains served as physical cross-linking network. Therefore, uniform dispersion and improved interfacial adhesion were achieved. Meanwhile, the covalent cross-linking network could provide strength and elasticity, while the reversible physical cross-linking network could serve as sacrificing element during stretching and dissipate energy. Therefore, dual cross-linked nanocomposites showed improved strength, modulus, extensibility, and decreased hysteresis compared with sole cross-linked nanocomposites.
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