Journal
PLOS MEDICINE
Volume 15, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002670
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- United Kingdom Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit core grant [MC_UU_12015/1, MC_UU_12015/5]
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge [IS-BRC-1215-20014]
- Dutch Scientific Organisation (ZonMW)
- Fondation Plan Alzheimer
- National Institute of Health (NIH) [3T32DK007703]
- Netherlands Heart Foundation [2000T401]
- Unilever RD, Vlaardingen
- Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH [N01-AG012100]
- National Institute of Aging (NIA) Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association)
- Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament)
- Ministry of Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University [MOST 103-2314-B-002 -135 -MY3, NSC 100-2314-B-002 -113 -MY3, NTUH 105-S3120, NTUH 106-S3453]
- NHLBI [HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, U01HL080295, U01HL130114, U01-HL-47892, U01-HL-47902, DK-29867, R01-58329, DK-079888]
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
- NIH [UM1 CA167552, R01 HL35464, AA11181, HL35464, CA55075, HL60712, P30 DK46200, M01-RR-43, CA186107, CA87969, CA49449, HL34594, CA167552, HL088521]
- VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria
- Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council [209057, 251553, 126403]
- NCRR [UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079]
- European Union
- Academy of Finland
- Juselius Foundation
- Uppsala University Hospital
- Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
- Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale
- Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salaries
- Direction Generale de la Sante
- MGEN
- Institut de la Longevite
- Conseils Regionaux d'Aquitaine et Bourgogne
- Fondation de France
- Ministry of Research-Institut National de la Sante
- de la Recherche Medicale Programme Cohortes, Agence Nationale de la Recherche [COGINUT ANR-06-PNRA-005]
- Fondation Plan Alzheimer (FCS)
- Caisse Nationale pour la Solidarite et l'Autonomie
- Uppsala City Council
- Swedish Research Council
- Women's Health Initiative, by the NHLBI, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHSN268201600018C, HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, HHSN268201600004C]
- European Union (FP7)
- European Union (Horizon2020)
- NIH (NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI])
- NIH (ODS) [R01HL-076200]
- NIA [R01AG023629]
- NHLBI
- Boston University [N01-HC-25195]
- EU FP6 programme [LSHM_CT_2006_037197]
- NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE [T32CA009001, UM1CA167552] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL CENTER FOR ADVANCING TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCES [UL1TR001079] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE [U01HL130114] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES [T32DK007703] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING [R01AG023629] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- MRC [MC_UU_12015/5, MC_UU_12012/5, MC_UU_12015/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Background We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15: 0 and 17: 0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods and findings Sixteen prospective cohorts from 12 countries (7 from the United States, 7 from Europe, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan) performed new harmonised individual-level analysis for the prospective associations according to a standardised plan. In total, 63,682 participants with a broad range of baseline ages and BMIs and 15,180 incident cases of T2D over the average of 9 years of follow-up were evaluated. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Prespecified interactions by age, sex, BMI, and race/ethnicity were explored in each cohort and were meta-analysed. Potential heterogeneity by cohort-specific characteristics (regions, lipid compartments used for fatty acid assays) was assessed with metaregression. After adjustment for potential confounders, including measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference) and lipogenesis (levels of palmitate, tri-glycerides), higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with lower incidence of T2D. In the most adjusted model, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident T2D per cohort-specific 10th to 90th percentile range of 15:0 was 0.80 (0.73-0.87); of 17:0, 0.65 (0.59-0.72); of t16:1n7, 0.82 (0.70-0.96); and of their sum, 0.71 (0.63-0.79). In exploratory analyses, similar associations for 15:0, 17:0, and the sum of all three fatty acids were present in both genders but stronger in women than in men ((pinteraction) < 0.001). Whereas studying associations with biomarkers has several advantages, as limitations, the biomarkers do not distinguish between different food sources of dairy fat (e.g., cheese, yogurt, milk), and residual confounding by unmeasured or imprecisely measured confounders may exist. Conclusions In a large meta-analysis that pooled the findings from 16 prospective cohort studies, higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with a lower risk of T2D.
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