Journal
JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE
Volume 8, Issue -, Pages S9-S17Publisher
IOS PRESS
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-181493
Keywords
Parkinson's disease; etiology; progression; environmental risk factors; prodromal symptoms
Categories
Funding
- Michigan State University [GE100455]
- Parkinson's Foundation [PF-IMP-1825]
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Parkinson's Research Program [W81XWH-17-1-0536]
- NIEHS [ES10544, P01ES01 6732, U54ES12078, R01ES013717, R21ES022391, R21ES024356]
- NINDS [P50NS038367]
- SCEHSC [5P30 ES07048]
- American Parkinson Disease Association
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES [P30ES007048] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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It is widely believed that environmental exposures contribute to the vast majority of late-onset sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), alone or via interactions with genetic factors. The search for environmental causes of PD has however been hampered by lack of understanding the prodromal phase of PD development and the difficulties in exposure assessment during this prolonged period. On the other hand, the existence of this prodromal period, along with an increasingly better understanding of PD prodromal symptoms, provides an exciting opportunity to identify environmental factors that initiate PD pathogenesis and/or modify its progression. For prevention efforts, this prodromal stage is of a major interest. Targeting factors that enter the body via the nose or gut has become even more important since the discovery of alpha-synuclein aggregates in the enteric and olfactory nervous systems. In this paper, we speculate about novel research hypotheses and approaches that may help us better define the role of environment in PD etiology, especially during its extended and complex prodromal phase.
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