Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 15, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112479
Keywords
tobacco; smoking; saliva; microbiome; cytokines
Funding
- AIDS Research Infrastructure Program (NIMHD RCMI Program) [NIMHD-G12-MD007579]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [5 NU58DP005055-05-00]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [R25GM082406] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities [G12MD007579] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Tobacco use has been implicated as an immunomodulator in the oral cavity and contributes to the development of oral cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial diversity and host responses compared to healthy nonsmoking controls. Saliva samples were collected from eighteen smokers and sixteen nonsmoking individuals by passive drool. The 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the salivary microbiome by using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Cytokine and chemokine expression analyses were performed to evaluate the host response. Significant differences in cytokine and chemokine expression levels of MDC, IL-10, IL-5, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin, and leptin were observed between smokers and nonsmokers. Taxonomic analyses revealed differences between the two groups, and some bacterial genera associated with the smokers group had correlations with hormones and cytokines identified as statistically different between smokers and nonsmokers. These factors have been associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis in the oral cavity. The data obtained may aid in the identification of the interactions between the salivary microbiome, host inflammatory responses, and metabolism in smokers.
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