Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 10, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu10101537
Keywords
lactobacilli; bifidobacilli; arthritis; inflammatory bowel; microbiome; metabolomics; aryl hydrocarbon reductase; adenosine; histamine; short-chain fatty acid
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health [R01AT007083]
- NATIONAL CENTER FOR ADVANCING TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCES [UL1TR000371] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- National Center for Complementary & Integrative Health [R01AT007083] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [R03AI117442] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Probiotics have been used to ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms since ancient times. Over the past 40 years, probiotics have been shown to impact the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is linked to gut microbes, their polysaccharide antigens, and key metabolites produced by these bacteria. At least four metabolic pathways have been implicated in mechanistic studies of probiotics, based on mechanistic studies in animal models. Microbial-immune system crosstalk has been linked to: short-chain fatty acid production and signaling, tryptophan metabolism and the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors, nucleoside signaling in the gut, and activation of the intestinal histamine-2 receptor. Several randomized controlled trials have now shown that microbial modification by probiotics may improve gastrointestinal symptoms and multiorgan inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. Future work will need to carefully assess safety issues, selection of optimal strains and combinations, and attempts to prolong the duration of colonization of beneficial microbes.
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