Pathologic and molecular findings associated with atypical porcine pestivirus infection in newborn piglets

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) has been associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Although the number of APPV-based studies is increasing, the associated pathologic findings in infected piglets are underreported. This study describes the histopathologic features of spontaneous APPV infection in CT-affected piglets and complements a previous report by our group. Four two-day-old piglets with CT were evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular assay. The main histopathologic findings at the brain and spinal cord included neuronal necrosis, gliosis, neuronophagia, satellitosis, demyelination, Wallerian degeneration, and Purkinje cell necrosis. An IHC assay designed to detect the proliferation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in affected areas of the brain and spinal cord revealed that the proliferation of GFAP + cells and fibers was predominant in APPV-infected piglets relative to asymptomatic piglets of the same age group. The RT-nested-PCR assays identified APPV RNA in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem of all piglets; other viruses known to produce similar manifestations were not detected. These results suggest that the APPV-induced histopathologic findings are predominantly degenerative and necrotic and correlate with our previous findings. Consequently, it is proposed that neuronal necrosis, gliosis, neuronophagia, and satellitosis should be considered as important histologic features of APPV-induced infection in symptomatic CT piglets.