Improving safety in blood transfusion using failure mode and effect analysis

BACKGROUND: One of the medical areas where errors can have more serious consequences is the process of blood transfusion. We used failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) for evaluating potential failures and improving transfusion safety in a medium-size urban hospital with a highly complex transfusion service. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Each failure mode was evaluated using the likelihood of occurrence, severity of the effect, and probability of detection. The obtained results allowed each failure to be prioritized and decisions to be made in an organized manner to determine solutions. We define measures and indicators that allow the comparison of their results in a longer time period than most of the previous studies. RESULTS: The most important failures were those regarding 1) transmitting information about the transfusion request, 2) patient identification, 3) sample identification, 4) cross-matching ordered tests, 5) transfusing blood components, 6) completing and sending the transfusion control document, and 7) reporting of transfusion reactions. The application of the FMEA methodology allowed implementation of safety measures and monitoring of the measures using indicators, including the mandatory records of the hemovigilance system. There was a 56% improvement in the risk prioritization numbers in the second stage of the FMEA. CONCLUSION: FMEA allows for identification of factors that reduce safety in this hospital, analysis of the causes and consequences of these errors, design of corrective measures, and establishment of indicators to monitor their application. The FMEA methodology can help other institutions to identify their own specific vulnerabilities.