Journal
SOLAR PHYSICS
Volume 293, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11207-018-1352-z
Keywords
Flares, energetic particles; Magnetic fields; corona; Radio bursts; Waves, shock; X-ray bursts
Categories
Funding
- Russian Foundation of Basic Research [17-32-50040_mol_nr]
- Russian Science Foundation [18-12-00172]
- Russian Science Foundation [18-12-00172] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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The far-side solar eruptive event SOL2014-09-01 produced hard electromagnetic and radio emissions that were observed with detectors at near-Earth vantage points. Especially challenging was a long-duration >100MeV gamma-ray burst that was probably produced by accelerated protons exceeding 300 MeV. This observation raised the question how high-energy protons could reach the Earth-facing solar surface. Some preceding studies discussed a scenario in which protons accelerated by a shock driven by a coronal mass ejection high in the corona return to the solar surface. We continue with the analysis of this challenging event, involving radio images from the Nancay Radioheliograph and hard X-ray data from the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) of the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer onboard the Mars Odyssey space observatory located near Mars. HEND recorded unocculted flare emission. The results indicate that the emissions observed from the Earth's direction were generated by flare-accelerated electrons and protons trapped in static long coronal loops. They can be reaccelerated in these loops by a shock wave that was excited by the eruption, being initially not driven by a coronal mass ejection. The results highlight ways to address the remaining questions.
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