Journal
PROGRESS IN CRYSTAL GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS
Volume 64, Issue 4, Pages 133-151Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2018.10.002
Keywords
Sapphire shaped crystals; Stepanov concept; Edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) technique; Sapphire crystals with capillary channels; Sapphire waveguides and fibers; Terahertz optics; Sensing and exposure; Sapphire instruments for biomedicine; Neutronguides
Funding
- Russian Science Foundation (RSF) [17-79-20346]
- RSF [14-29-00277]
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [17-38-80057, 17-08-00803]
- RFBR [18-08-01230, 18-38-20140]
- Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100'
- Russian Science Foundation [17-79-20346, 17-29-00019] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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Second half of the XX century was marked by a rapid development of sapphire shaped crystal growth technologies, driven by the demands for fast, low-cost, and technologically reliable methods of producing sapphire crystals of complex shape. Numerous techniques of shaped crystal growth from a melt have been proposed relying on the Stepanov concept of crystal shaping. In this review, we briefly describe the development of growth techniques, with a strong emphasize on those that yield sapphire crystals featuring high volumetric and surface quality. A favorable combination of physical properties of sapphire (superior hardness and tensile strength, impressive thermal conductivity and chemical inertness, high melting point and thermal shock resistance, transparency to electromagnetic waves in a wide spectral range) with advantages of shaped crystal growth techniques (primarily, an ability to produce sapphire crystals with a complex geometry of cross-section, along with high volumetric and surface quality) allows fabricating various instruments for waveguiding, sensing, and exposure technologies. We discuss recent developments of high-tech instruments, which are based on sapphire shaped crystals and vigorously employed in biomedical and material sciences, optics and photonics, nuclear physics and plasma sciences.
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