Igneous and detrital zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf geochronology of the late Meso-to Neoproterozoic northwest Botswana rift: Maximum depositional age and provenance of the Ghanzi Group, Kalahari Copperbelt, Botswana and Namibia

New igneous and detrital zircon laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopic data are presented for the Mesoproterozoic Kgwebe Formation and the unconformably overlying Ghanzi Group in northwestern Botswana. The Makgabana Hills porphyritic rhyolite flow from the Ghanzi area yielded a U-Pb concordia age of 1085.5 +/- 4.5 Ma and provides a new maximum depositional age for the unconformably overlying Ghanzi Group. Detrital zircon (n = 448) from the Ghanzi Group yielded a (207)pb/Pb-206 age distribution with a dominant (70 to 90%) Mesoproterozoic population (similar to 1450 to similar to 1050 Ma), a smaller (5 to 20%) Paleoproterozoic (similar to 2200 to similar to 1700 Ma) population, and a few (n = 4) older (similar to 3000 Ma to similar to 2450 Ma) grains. A maximum depositional age constraint of similar to 1060 to similar to 1050 Ma was obtained for middle and upper Ghanzi Group based on the weighted-mean Pb-207/Pb-206 age of the youngest clusters of overlapping zircon ages for each sample. Initial hafnium ratios (epsilon Hf-i) and corresponding crustal residence model ages (T-DM(C)) for the Paleoproterozoic zircon populations indicate either fractionation from a chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) or mixing between juvenile mantle and older crustal components. Mesoproterozoic zircon with epsilon Hf-i values between -20 and +15 and T-DM(C) model ages between 3000 and 1200 Ma suggest that the source terrane(s) contained magmatic rocks including both juvenile material and substantially reworked Paleoproterozoic and possibly Archean crust. Comparison with a compilation of published U-Pb, Lu-Hf, and Sm-Nd data from the Kalahari Craton suggests that the predominant Mesoproterozoic zircon population was derived from the Namaqua Sector, Rehoboth Basement Inlier, Kwando Complex, and Choma-Kalomo Block; some zircon may have had distal sources in adjacent Rodinia landmasses. Both Archean cratonic components and juvenile similar to 1200 to similar to 1000 Ma magmatic rocks of the Natal Sector and the Maud and Mozambique belts on the eastern margin of the craton are unlikely sources for the detrital zircon based on isotopic composition. Sediment transported from the western margin of the Kalahari Craton entered the northwest Botswana rift and mixed with sediments from the Rehoboth Basement Inlier and Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic terranes that bound the northwest Botswana rift.