Journal
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
Volume 17, Issue 7, Pages 1209-1221Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13046
Keywords
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE); glutamine synthetase (GS); cisgenesis; carbon dioxide (CO2); grain protein; barley
Funding
- Danish Council for Independent Research \ Technology and Production Sciences [09-065893]
- Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries [3304-FVFP-09]
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Cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) plays a central role in nitrogen (N) metabolism. The importance of GS1 in N remobilization during reproductive growth has been reported in cereal species but attempts to improve N utilization efficiency (NUE) by overexpressing GS1 have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we demonstrate that transformation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants using a cisgenic strategy to express an extra copy of native HvGS1-1 lead to increased HvGS1.1 expression and GS1 enzyme activity. GS1 overexpressing lines exhibited higher grain yields and NUE than wild-type plants when grown under three different N supplies and two levels of atmospheric CO2. In contrast with the wild-type, the grain protein concentration in the GS1 overexpressing lines did not decline when plants were exposed to elevated (800-900 mu L/L) atmospheric CO2. We conclude that an increase in GS1 activity obtained through cisgenic overexpression of HvGS1-1 can improve grain yield and NUE in barley. The extra capacity for N assimilation obtained by GS1 overexpression may also provide a means to prevent declining grain protein levels under elevated atmospheric CO2.
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