Journal
NATURE PHYSICS
Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 214-+Publisher
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0360-0
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Funding
- Office of Nuclear Physics in the Office of Science of the Department of Energy (USA)
- National Science Foundation (USA)
- Abilene Christian University Research Council (USA)
- Research Foundation of SUNY (USA)
- College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University (USA)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Japan)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Japan)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnologico (Brazil)
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (Brazil)
- Natural Science Foundation of China (People's Republic of China)
- Croatian Science Foundation (Croatia)
- Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (France)
- Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules (France)
- Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (Germany)
- Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (Germany)
- Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung (Germany)
- NKFIH (Hungary)
- EFOP (Hungary)
- New National Excellence Program (UNKP) (Hungary)
- J. Bolyai Research Scholarships (Hungary)
- Department of Atomic Energy (India)
- Department of Science and Technology (India)
- Israel Science Foundation (Israel)
- NRF of the Ministry of Education (Korea)
- Physics Department, Lahore University of Management Sciences (Pakistan)
- Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia)
- Federal Agency of Atomic Energy (Russia)
- VR (Sweden)
- Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden)
- US Civilian Research and Development Foundation for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union
- Hungarian American Enterprise Scholarship Fund
- US-Israel Binational Science Foundation
- Ministry of Science and Education (Croatia)
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Experimental studies of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies have established the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear matter in which quarks and gluons are not bound into hadrons(1-4). In this state, matter behaves as a nearly inviscid fluid(5) that efficiently translates initial spatial anisotropies into correlated momentum anisotropies among the particles produced, creating a common velocity field pattern known as collective flow. In recent years, comparable momentum anisotropies have been measured in small-system proton-proton (p+p) and proton-nucleus (p+A) collisions, despite expectations that the volume and lifetime of the medium produced would be too small to form a QGP. Here we report on the observation of elliptic and triangular flow patterns of charged particles produced in proton-gold (p+Au), deuteron-gold (d+Au) and helium-gold (He-3+Au) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The unique combination of three distinct initial geometries and two flow patterns provides unprecedented model discrimination. Hydrodynamical models, which include the formation of a short-lived QGP droplet, provide the best simultaneous description of these measurements.
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