Journal
ACS Nano
Volume 10, Issue 7, Pages 7216-7224Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04005
Keywords
wearable biosensors; flexible electronics; multiplexed sensing; system integration; in situ analysis
Categories
Funding
- NSF Nanomanufacturing Systems for Mobile Computing and Energy Technologies (NASCENT) Center
- National Institutes of Health [P01 HG000205]
- Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Material Sciences and Engineering Division of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- Robert N. Noyce Fellowship in Microelectronics
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Homeostasis of ionized calcium in biofluids is critical for human biological functions and organ systems. Measurement of ionized calcium for clinical applications is not easily accessible due to its strict procedures and dependence on pH. pH balance in body fluids greatly affects metabolic reactions and biological transport systems. Here, we demonstrate a wearable electrochemical device for continuous monitoring of ionized calcium and pH of body fluids using a disposable and flexible array of Ca2+ and pH sensors that interfaces with a flexible printed circuit board. This platform enables real-time quantitative analysis of these sensing elements in body fluids such as sweat, urine, and tears. Accuracy of Ca2+ concentration and pH measured by the wearable sensors is validated through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technique and a commercial pH meter, respectively. Our results show that the wearable sensors have high repeatability and selectivity to the target ions. Real-time on-body assessment of sweat is also performed, and our results indicate that calcium concentration increases with decreasing pH. This platform can be used in noninvasive continuous analysis of ionized calcium and pH in body fluids for disease diagnosis such as primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones.
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